% source: https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/Global_TAVG_annual.txt via https://berkeleyearth.org/data/ % % PRELIMINARY DATA - SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE - NOT YET PEER REVIEWED % %%%%%%% % % This file is based on the new high-resolution Berkeley Earth global temperature % data set. It expands upon the previous Berkeley Earth temperature data set by % including predictive structures based on historical weather patterns and % increasing the underlying resolution to 0.25° x 0.25° latitude-longitude. % Files based on this new data set are being provided as part of an early preview % to aid in the identification of any remaining bugs or errors. While, we % believe the current dataset to be accurate and useful, it is still in % development and substantial revisions remain possible if significant issues % are identified. % %%%%%%% % % This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % As a preliminary data release, no citation is currently available for this data set. % % This global data product merges land-surface air temperatures with ocean sea surface % water temperatures. For most of the ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar % to near-surface air temperatures; however, air temperatures above sea ice can % differ substantially from the water below the sea ice. In sea ice regions, % temperature anomalies are extrapolated from the land-surface air temperatures % when ice is present, and from the ocean temperatures when ice is absent. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperature data contributing to this analysis include (but are not limited to): % % GHCN-Monhtly v4, Menne et al. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1 % Global Summary of the Day, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/global-summary-day % MET-Reader, Scientific Committee for Antaractic Research, British Antarctic Survey, % https://legacy.bas.ac.uk/met/READER/ % HADSST4, Kennedy et al. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867 % % Ice mask data comes from: % % HadISST2, Titcher and Rayner 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020316 % Sea Ice Index, NSIDC, https://nsidc.org/data/g02135/versions/3 % % High-resolution downscaling algorithms were trained using high-resolution data, % though none of this data is used directly in the reconstruction. High-resolution % datasets used in training include: % % ERA5 from the Copernicus Climate Change Service, Hersbach et al. (2018), % http://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 % https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels % % The above list of data sources is only a partial list. For a more complete % set of references please refer to Berkeley Earth's previous description papers. % % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies relative to the % Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence interval % for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 12-Apr-2026 02:33:38 % The ocean analysis was published on 19-Mar-2026 10:46:24 % % The land component is based on 58123 time series % with 23574182 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 500559784 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (°C): % 14.108 +/- 0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000 % % % Land + Ocean temperature anomaly % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.281 0.265 NaN NaN 1851 -0.246 0.320 NaN NaN 1852 -0.207 0.250 -0.231 0.209 1853 -0.214 0.215 -0.203 0.195 1854 -0.210 0.132 -0.214 0.184 1855 -0.138 0.228 -0.252 0.181 1856 -0.302 0.241 -0.279 0.179 1857 -0.396 0.223 -0.295 0.204 1858 -0.348 0.191 -0.315 0.199 1859 -0.288 0.235 -0.313 0.186 1860 -0.239 0.233 -0.316 0.186 1861 -0.292 0.194 -0.320 0.180 1862 -0.411 0.218 -0.325 0.175 1863 -0.369 0.221 -0.286 0.156 1864 -0.315 0.197 -0.262 0.124 1865 -0.042 0.167 -0.237 0.106 1866 -0.174 0.085 -0.171 0.080 1867 -0.283 0.135 -0.130 0.062 1868 -0.043 0.122 -0.169 0.067 1869 -0.110 0.201 -0.170 0.062 1870 -0.235 0.082 -0.150 0.084 1871 -0.177 0.113 -0.183 0.109 1872 -0.183 0.152 -0.230 0.116 1873 -0.208 0.249 -0.224 0.135 1874 -0.345 0.217 -0.241 0.174 1875 -0.206 0.150 -0.189 0.150 1876 -0.262 0.219 -0.131 0.125 1877 0.076 0.154 -0.100 0.121 1878 0.082 0.153 -0.097 0.127 1879 -0.188 0.161 -0.073 0.137 1880 -0.195 0.180 -0.127 0.157 1881 -0.142 0.199 -0.195 0.162 1882 -0.193 0.167 -0.231 0.156 1883 -0.256 0.188 -0.267 0.155 1884 -0.370 0.139 -0.313 0.137 1885 -0.373 0.181 -0.360 0.115 1886 -0.370 0.146 -0.357 0.109 1887 -0.430 0.105 -0.310 0.112 1888 -0.244 0.132 -0.315 0.109 1889 -0.134 0.136 -0.299 0.098 1890 -0.397 0.115 -0.296 0.117 1891 -0.291 0.092 -0.320 0.100 1892 -0.415 0.188 -0.360 0.091 1893 -0.365 0.131 -0.332 0.111 1894 -0.330 0.133 -0.300 0.125 1895 -0.262 0.178 -0.240 0.125 1896 -0.131 0.153 -0.226 0.129 1897 -0.113 0.143 -0.193 0.127 1898 -0.294 0.120 -0.154 0.119 1899 -0.166 0.105 -0.160 0.102 1900 -0.066 0.142 -0.200 0.096 1901 -0.164 0.077 -0.225 0.086 1902 -0.309 0.110 -0.287 0.095 1903 -0.418 0.095 -0.340 0.084 1904 -0.478 0.152 -0.349 0.084 1905 -0.332 0.078 -0.369 0.079 1906 -0.206 0.089 -0.377 0.088 1907 -0.411 0.084 -0.376 0.078 1908 -0.460 0.109 -0.398 0.088 1909 -0.469 0.092 -0.446 0.093 1910 -0.444 0.123 -0.433 0.097 1911 -0.445 0.109 -0.413 0.106 1912 -0.345 0.115 -0.358 0.105 1913 -0.360 0.153 -0.292 0.103 1914 -0.195 0.074 -0.273 0.098 1915 -0.116 0.114 -0.301 0.082 1916 -0.350 0.107 -0.297 0.063 1917 -0.484 0.071 -0.317 0.075 1918 -0.342 0.064 -0.336 0.071 1919 -0.292 0.159 -0.300 0.065 1920 -0.213 0.078 -0.253 0.064 1921 -0.167 0.080 -0.225 0.067 1922 -0.251 0.063 -0.211 0.046 1923 -0.202 0.063 -0.207 0.037 1924 -0.224 0.072 -0.185 0.036 1925 -0.188 0.048 -0.161 0.038 1926 -0.062 0.093 -0.150 0.044 1927 -0.131 0.078 -0.163 0.057 1928 -0.142 0.094 -0.138 0.066 1929 -0.291 0.074 -0.132 0.061 1930 -0.062 0.073 -0.124 0.063 1931 -0.036 0.084 -0.139 0.054 1932 -0.087 0.069 -0.096 0.053 1933 -0.220 0.061 -0.106 0.055 1934 -0.078 0.078 -0.112 0.055 1935 -0.109 0.099 -0.079 0.064 1936 -0.064 0.071 -0.021 0.068 1937 0.078 0.092 0.008 0.066 1938 0.066 0.086 0.066 0.064 1939 0.067 0.084 0.092 0.070 1940 0.183 0.090 0.076 0.072 1941 0.065 0.101 0.071 0.073 1942 0.000 0.116 0.088 0.086 1943 0.040 0.088 0.062 0.091 1944 0.151 0.124 0.036 0.086 1945 0.053 0.122 0.034 0.076 1946 -0.065 0.090 0.012 0.083 1947 -0.008 0.071 -0.039 0.079 1948 -0.073 0.108 -0.084 0.081 1949 -0.101 0.080 -0.074 0.082 1950 -0.172 0.106 -0.056 0.087 1951 -0.014 0.107 -0.012 0.082 1952 0.082 0.106 -0.003 0.080 1953 0.147 0.100 0.005 0.073 1954 -0.056 0.080 -0.032 0.070 1955 -0.135 0.050 -0.042 0.068 1956 -0.197 0.079 -0.062 0.065 1957 0.031 0.083 -0.045 0.059 1958 0.048 0.071 -0.027 0.064 1959 0.026 0.055 0.022 0.054 1960 -0.042 0.071 0.014 0.043 1961 0.050 0.034 0.013 0.038 1962 -0.010 0.038 -0.037 0.036 1963 0.043 0.035 -0.052 0.029 1964 -0.223 0.049 -0.073 0.032 1965 -0.117 0.039 -0.081 0.037 1966 -0.059 0.054 -0.110 0.038 1967 -0.048 0.046 -0.058 0.037 1968 -0.105 0.042 -0.036 0.035 1969 0.039 0.041 -0.049 0.030 1970 -0.010 0.031 -0.039 0.031 1971 -0.121 0.041 0.010 0.030 1972 0.004 0.049 -0.016 0.023 1973 0.139 0.032 -0.020 0.022 1974 -0.092 0.033 -0.017 0.021 1975 -0.029 0.028 0.023 0.020 1976 -0.109 0.035 0.012 0.021 1977 0.206 0.037 0.064 0.019 1978 0.086 0.026 0.130 0.021 1979 0.165 0.026 0.219 0.022 1980 0.301 0.028 0.204 0.020 1981 0.338 0.032 0.249 0.020 1982 0.131 0.025 0.244 0.017 1983 0.309 0.024 0.208 0.012 1984 0.142 0.029 0.184 0.011 1985 0.120 0.027 0.223 0.011 1986 0.218 0.038 0.235 0.015 1987 0.326 0.032 0.257 0.017 1988 0.370 0.027 0.323 0.019 1989 0.254 0.021 0.366 0.017 1990 0.450 0.038 0.348 0.016 1991 0.433 0.036 0.329 0.019 1992 0.235 0.025 0.344 0.018 1993 0.271 0.033 0.353 0.016 1994 0.331 0.026 0.341 0.012 1995 0.493 0.021 0.396 0.009 1996 0.377 0.019 0.473 0.011 1997 0.509 0.019 0.489 0.020 1998 0.653 0.039 0.473 0.020 1999 0.415 0.032 0.510 0.018 2000 0.411 0.039 0.537 0.016 2001 0.562 0.019 0.533 0.016 2002 0.645 0.026 0.560 0.015 2003 0.631 0.029 0.622 0.012 2004 0.553 0.025 0.643 0.014 2005 0.720 0.015 0.647 0.015 2006 0.666 0.027 0.629 0.016 2007 0.664 0.026 0.653 0.018 2008 0.540 0.030 0.659 0.021 2009 0.675 0.031 0.652 0.020 2010 0.751 0.028 0.649 0.023 2011 0.628 0.029 0.675 0.024 2012 0.651 0.038 0.687 0.020 2013 0.672 0.025 0.716 0.021 2014 0.733 0.024 0.796 0.020 2015 0.896 0.029 0.852 0.018 2016 1.030 0.026 0.888 0.019 2017 0.931 0.020 0.935 0.019 2018 0.851 0.024 0.958 0.019 2019 0.969 0.023 0.923 0.022 2020 1.008 0.033 0.917 0.026 2021 0.855 0.031 0.989 0.029 2022 0.903 0.037 1.051 0.031 2023 1.209 0.039 1.084 0.028 2024 1.280 0.034 NaN NaN 2025 1.174 0.026 NaN NaN